Hard Drive Formats

If you’ve ever wondered what to reformat your flash drive or external hard drive, you are not alone. There are several formats to choose from, but there is likely only a couple that will work for your needs.

Formats

FAT32

FAT32 is the most common format found on flash drives (also known as thumb drives, USB sticks, or jump drives). FAT32 is perfect for these small devices because the format can be read and written to from every major computer or device (including Windows PCs, Macs, and Linux computers).

There is only one problem with FAT32, it cannot save a file larger than 4GBs. That might be a problem if you’re working with video or have a large ISO file that you’d like to store.

exFAT

FAT32 is being phased out for exFAT that can store files larger than 4GBs. Unfortunately, older operating systems do not support exFAT and there may be some compatibility issues.

Just like FAT32, exFAT can be read and written to across many platforms, including Windows and Mac OS.

NTFS

NTFS is a Windows format that can only be written to by a Windows computer (unless special software is installed). NTFS is the format of choice for running a Windows operating system but isn’t ideal for flash drives.

HFS+

Like Windows, Apple also has their own format called HFS+. This format has been the standard for Mac computers and their external devices. This format can only be read and written to by other Mac computers (unless special software is installed).

This format isn’t ideal for devices that will need to be accessed by Windows and Linux computers.

APFS

APFS is Apple’s newest format. It will replace HFS+ in the coming years and will offer several advantages over the 30-year-old format. APFS is designed for solid state drives and will make all of Apple’s devices more compatible with each other. Apple TVs, Apple Watches, iPhones, iPads, MacBooks, and iMacs will eventually all run on APFS providing greater security and speed in the future.

ext4

ext4 is the successor of ext3, the format used by Linux operating systems. This format cannot be read by Macs or Windows computers (unless special software is installed). Unless you are running a Linux operating system, you may never run across this format.

Rethinking Security on Mac

I haven’t used antivirus software since 2007 when I switched from Windows to Mac. Like many Mac users, I believed that OS X is impervious to viruses and other security threats. But, I have come to the conclusion that this is a flawed belief.

Security threats are not limited to viruses and spyware, there are phishing and JavaScript threats too. These threats affect all operating systems connected to the web, because these attacks take place online, not on your machine. As we use more online services, such as online banking, electronic communications and cloud services we re-open ourselves up to cyber threats.

Mac users culturally take a lazy approach to security. We’re never so safe that we can let our guard down. Even with antivirus software installed, we’re never impervious to cyber threats. It is wise to use password managers, ad blockers, script blockers, encryption software and VPNs too.

Part of me wonders if it were possible for Apple and Microsoft to build these security functions to a point where third-party services like Bitdefender and Norton were no longer necessary. With the deep pockets that these two companies have, why aren’t our computers more secure? Is this a conspiracy to keep the cybersecurity industry alive, eating $99 a year from our wallets? And how is it that a small third-party firm is able to fend off all these cyber threats that Apple, Microsoft, and Google cannot?

These are questions that I do not have the answers to, if you have some insight on this topic please feel free to share in the comment section below.

I am definitely stepping up my approach to cybersecurity. Who knows what scripts have been doing in our browsers.

How to Convert a dmg to an iso file in Linux

Press Ctrl + Alt + T on your keyboard to open Terminal. When it opens, run the commands below:

sudo apt-get install dmg2img

Once installed, change the directory to where the .dmg file is located and run the following command:

dmg2img <file_name>.dmg

This will convert the .dmg to an .img file. Run the following command to convert the .img to an .iso file.

mv <file_name>.img <file_name>.iso

Use Google Public DNS to Unblock Websites Blocked by OpenDNS

Use the following instructions to improve your browser speed and circumvent blocks by OpenDNS. Enjoy!

Microsoft Windows

DNS settings are specified in the TCP/IP Properties window for the selected network connection.

Example: Changing DNS server settings on Microsoft Windows 7

1. Go the Control Panel.

• Click Network and Internet, then Network and Sharing Center, and click Change adapter settings.
• Select the connection for which you want to configure Google Public DNS. For example: To change the settings for an Ethernet connection, right-click Local Area Connection, and click Properties.
• To change the settings for a wireless connection, right-click Wireless Network Connection, and click Properties.
•  If you are prompted for an administrator password or confirmation, type the password or provide confirmation.
• Select the Networking tab. Under This connection uses the following items, select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) orInternet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6) and then click Properties.
• Click Advanced and select the DNS tab. If there are any DNS server IP addresses listed there, write them down for future reference, and remove them from this window.
• Click OK.
• Select Use the following DNS server addresses. If there are any IP addresses listed in the Preferred DNS server or Alternate DNS server, write them down for future reference.
  • For IPv4: 8.8.8.8 and/or 8.8.4.4.Replace those addresses with the IP addresses of the Google DNS servers.
  • For IPv6: 2001:4860:4860::8888 and/or 2001:4860:4860::8844
• Restart the connection you selected in step 3.
• Test that your setup is working correctly; see Testing your new settings below.
• Repeat the procedure for additional network connections you want to change.

Mac OS X

DNS settings are specified in the Network window.

Example: Changing DNS server settings on Mac OS 10.5

1. From the Apple menu, click System Preferences, then click Network.

• If the lock icon in the lower left-hand corner of the window is locked, click the icon to make changes, and when prompted to authenticate, enter your password.
• To change the settings for an Ethernet connection, select Built-In Ethernet, and click Advanced.Select the connection for which you want to configure Google Public DNS. For example: To change the settings for a wireless connection, select Airport, and click Advanced.
• Select the DNS tab.
• Click + to replace any listed addresses with, or add, the Google IP addresses at the top of the list:
  • For IPv4: 8.8.8.8 and/or 8.8.4.4.
  • For IPv6: 2001:4860:4860::8888 and/or 2001:4860:4860::8844
• Click Apply and OK.
• Test that your setup is working correctly; see Testing your new settings below.
• Repeat the procedure for additional network connections you want to change.

Linux

In most modern Linux distributions, DNS settings are configured through Network Manager.

Example: Changing DNS server settings on Ubuntu

1. In the System menu, click Preferences, then click Network Connections.

• To change the settings for an Ethernet connection, select the Wired tab, then select your network interface from the list. It is usually called eth0. Select the connection for which you want to configure Google Public DNS. For example:
  • To change the settings for a wireless connection, select the Wireless tab, then select the appropriate wireless network.
• Click Edit, and in the window that appears, select the IPv4 Settings or IPv6 Settings tab.
• If the selected method is Automatic (DHCP), open the drop-down and select Automatic (DHCP) addresses only instead. If the method is set to something else, do not change it.
  • For IPv4: 8.8.8.8 and/or 8.8.4.4.In the DNS servers field, enter the Google Public DNS IP addresses, separated by a space.
  • For IPv6: 2001:4860:4860::8888 and/or 2001:4860:4860::8844
• Click Apply to save the change. If you are prompted for a password or confirmation, type the password or provide confirmation.
• Test that your setup is working correctly; see Testing your new settings below.
• Repeat the procedure for additional network connections you want to change.